To evaluate the effect of various ORGANIC MATTERS on grain yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum var. vierynac). An experiment was carried out with the aim of sustainable agriculture; in 2006- 2007 at the research field of Islamic Azad University Dezful branch in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications and 12.6 m2 clearance in each plot. The treatments were: 1- incineration of the remaining vegetation and applying chemical fertilizer, 2- wheat stubble retained from previous cultivation, 3- poultry excretion, 4- sheep manure and 5- mushroom compost. Analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference on the use of various ORGANIC MATTERS on the yield of grain, biomass and ears number per square meter. As poultry excretion treatment with 12400 kg grain yield per hectare, 760.2 ears per unit area, 25240 kg per hectare biomass, was maximum, and burned stubble with 5537 kg grain yield per hectare, and 420.8 ears per unit area and 11830 kg per hectare biomass had lowest yield, and other characteristics such as grain number and weight per ear, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, spikelet number per ear, stem height, growth tendency, leaf area index (except at the last growth stage) were non- significant. Results showed that, the use of ORGANIC MATTERS could be useful in the sustainable agriculture and increase yield profitable effect in soil remaining ORGANIC matter, as the best ORGANIC matter is poultry excretion that increased yield grain compared to burning treatment so, remaining stubble wheat that increases ORGANIC MATTERS in soil.

To study the effect of salinity and ORGANIC matter on chemical composition and root morphology of pistachio cv. Badami, budded on seedling root stocks, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four salinity (zero, 800, 1600 and 2400 mg NaCl kg-1 soil) and three ORGANIC matter (zero, two and four percent w/w) levels as farmyard manure. As salinity levels increased, shoot nitrogen concentration decreased. ORGANIC matter application increased shoot nitrogen concentration and interaction of salinity and ORGANIC matter on this parameter was not significant.Also, salinity had no significant effect on shoot potassium content, while with increasing salinity, root potassium concentration decreased. Application of ORGANIC matter increased shoot and root potassium concentration. Adding salinity and ORGANIC matter levels increased shoot and root cu concentration significantly. Similar trend was observed on Fe concentration. As salinity levels elevated, root length and density significantly reduced. In addition, adding ORGANIC matter improved physical and nutritional soil properties, and because of that significantly increased root length and density and decreased soil penetration.

IntroductionConventional water treatment consist of unit processes include coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration and disinfection that goal is removal of turbidity, color and certain bacterial species. In filtration process flocculated substances that have not removed in pervious stage are sediment. Filter media is often silica sand that removal mechanism is complex and consists of mechanical filtration, sedimentation, adsorption, chemical and biological oxidation. The effective removal mechanism in filtration process is adsorption. Two basic factors for adsorption are van der walls force and mass attraction. Sometimes for quantifying and qualifying upgrading of filters, we use other media such as granular activated carbon and anthracite, that in these cases filters have dual media. Activated carbons (ACs) are effective adsorbents in water treatment, because of high removal capability toward soluble and particulate pollutants but slow adsorption kinetics and difficulty for regeneration limited extensive application. Todays, progresses in new technology result in production of other carbon structures such as carbon nano tubes (CNTs). CNTs with mesopore structures and diameter about 2 - 50 nanometer have high potential in ORGANIC materials and pathogens removal. Removal of ORGANIC MATTERS with carbon nano tubes are in groups such as ORGANIC dyes, pharmaceutical, pesticides, phenol, aromatic amines and natural ORGANIC MATTERS. Adsorption mechanisms of CNTs are driving including hydrophobic effect, π–π interaction, π–π electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) interaction, electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Although good potential in ORGANIC removal, using in slurry state is a problem that it is necessary to remove CNTs in final treatment. So, if we can capable to deposition these CNTs on media, we can solve this problems. One way to use is deposition of CNTs on silica sand. Although silica sand has adsorption capability, with deposition of CNTs it can remove soluble ORGANIC MATTERS. Similar to this coating graphene oxide (GO) was deposited on silica gel that new adsorbent used for mercury and rodamin B removal in batch and continues experiments. One of the shortages in this research was inattention in stability of coating. In other research, pristine single wall carbon nanotube was coated on silica sphere and a method based on non-covalent bonding was represented. The result of this research shows that, bonding has a strong stability.Methods In order to deposition of CNTs on silica sand, physical and chemical processes were used. In physical process heat and in chemical process covalent bonding is effective factors for bonding. Materials that used in this research are carbon nano tube (purchased from nanosov), hydrochloric acid37% (Merck, Germany), nitric acid 65% (Merck, Germany), silica sand (gift from Tehran pars plant) and 3 (triethoxysilyl) - prophylamin (Merck, Germany). Whereas heating may reinforce the bonding between carbon nano tube and silica sand, define temperatures was used to evaluate temperature effects.For evaluating adsorption effects, 4 parameters (pH, adsorbent dose, adsorbate dose and contact time) was investigated. In this study initial pH at neural condition, initial adsorbent in 5-40 gr, initial adsorbate in 2- 12 mg /l and contact time in 10 – 60 minutes was adjusted. For preparation different concentration of TOC a 1000 mg/l stock solution of TOC was prepared and TOC analyzer (model -VCSH, Shimadzu, Japan) for determination of TOC was used.For reversibility of humic acid from surface of new adsorbent adsorption/desorption studies was investigated. So in some series 20 g of engineered nano adsorbent was entered in 200 ml solution of humic acid with initial TOC of 10 mg/l and when adsorption process was equilibrated the adsorption capacity was measured. After that the new adsorbent was poured in 200 ml solution that pH was adjusted from 10-13 with 0.05 and 2 molar NaOH to attain optimum pH. Also desorption time for 10-50 minutes for evaluating optimum time was done. Finally desorption process at 25ºc, 120 rpm and for 5 cycles was repeated.Results and discussionInvestigation method of chemical bonding The method of chemical deposition is establishment of covalent bonding between amin groups of silica and hydroxyl groups of oxidized carbon nano tube. So first, silica sand is hydrolyzed to active OH groups. Then silica sand and amin prophyl is combined to produce NH2 groups and finally oxidized carbon nano tubes and amin groups of silica sand is heated to be resulted –NH groups that is a strong bonding.Stability of MWCNTs coated on sand To investigate stability of MWCNTs coated on sand, ultrasound method was used. Ultrasounds are mechanical waves with high power that disperse in adsorbent to detach CNTs from surface of silica sands. These waves have 40 khz dispersion power frequency. So 6 samples (firstly physical and chemical samples, physical and chemical samples was heated in oven in 100ºc and physical and chemical samples was heated in oven in 200ºc) was putted in the ultrasound bath for 30 min and after that samples was dried and it was seen that physical deposition has not stability and the MWCNTs coated on sand detached from silica sand, but chemical deposition has a strong stability and in samples that was putted it in 200ºc in oven, this stability is very permanent that demonstrate high temperatures has good effects on stability.SEM of MWCNTs coated on sand SEM was used to detect possible morphological changes in pristine and oxidized MWCNTs and also for watching surface of silica sand and MWCNTs coated on silica sand. According to SEM, oxidized MWCNTs with nitric acid, some bundle appear exfoliated and curled and a major alteration of the structural integrity of MWCNTs is observed and length of tube was shortened. On the other side, observation of CNT sand illustrate a non uniform coating of MWCNTs on silica sand that completely differ from surface of silica acid treatment.Investigation potential of CNT sand in removal of ORGANIC matter Although MWCNTs potential in removal of ORGANIC matter has been demonstrated in some previous research, in this study humic acid was used for index of ORGANIC matter to define capability of this adsorbent. So response surface methodology was used for experiment design and initial concentration of adsorbent, adsorbate and contact time was investigated and 20 experiments were defined. According to response from RSM- X/M (mg/g) – with increasing in contact time and decreasing in adsorbent dose the adsorption capacity was increased. Also with increasing in contact time and increasing in adsorbate dose, adsorption capacity is increased that be because of increasing in adsorbate collision with adsorbent. The equilibrium time is about 60 minutes and adsorption capacity at equilibrium time is reached to above 70 mg/g Regeneration of adsorbent To evaluating regeneration of adsorbent the adsorption/desorption process was investigated. Data obtained indicate at pH=10 the regeneration efficiency is about 26.3% and increases up 75.7% at pH=13. Also 30 minutes is the best time for regeneration time and after 5 cycles of regeneration, the adsorption capacity is about 40 mg/g.Conclusion Although silica sand is not applicable to removal of soluble ORGANIC matter, but by deposition of carbon nano tubes onto its surface, it can capable to remove this ORGANICs. Stability investigations indicate that physical coating has a week bonding between silica sand and carbon nano tubes. In chemical bonding that establish a covalent bonding between silica sand and carbon nano tubes, bonding has a strong stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on silica surface reveals a non uniform coating of carbon nano tubes on silica sand. Determination of TOC shows in sample with CNT sand, adsorption capacity is higher than to 70% and in sample with raw sand is less than 1%. Regeneration studies indicate that the optimum pH is 13 and optimum time for desorption is 30 minutes. Also after 5 cycles of regeneration the adsorption capacity is about 40 mg/g. These experiment show that the new adsorbent – CNT sand - has a good potential in ORGANIC matter removal and regeneration process is simple.

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) reacts mainly with proteins and its effectiveness depends on the substances chemical reactivity. It has been reported that volume, concentration, renewal, time, temperature and contact area affect the diffusion of NaOCl in the root canal. However, the relationship between some of these factors is not clear. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of volume, contact area, concentration and renewal frequency of 2. 5% and 9. 8% NaOCl solutions on their ORGANIC matter dissolving-capacity. Methods and Materials: Pieces of gelatine (18% w/v) with standardized weight, form and structure were either fully or partially exposed to a 2. 5% or 9. 8% NaOCl solution. In three successive studies, biological dissolution-capacity of NaOCl was tested under different conditions. In experiment 1 the effect of volume/time, in experiment 2 the time/concentration/renewal frequency and in experiment 3 the contact area/renewal frequency/concentration/time of 2. 5% or 9. 8% NaOCl solutions on dissolving-capacity of ORGANIC matter were studied. The weight loss of gelatine pieces over time was registered. The non-parametric tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis at the 5% threshold were used for statistical analysis. Results: The differences between the two concentrations of NaOCl solution (2. 5% and 9. 8%) are statistically significant in the effects of different volumes on total dissolution time (P<0. 05). Differences in weight loss according to the concentration of the NaOCl solution used (2. 5% or 9. 8%) were significant after 2 min of contact time (P<0. 05). Differences in weight loss between the model and the tube are significant (P<0. 05) when the solution is repeated every 30 sec and every 1 min after 2 min of contact. Conclusion: This in vitro study showed that using a more concentrated NaOCl solution would certainly improve the endodontic disinfection, but the biological risk in case of apical extrusion should be considered.

Particle size distribution (PSD) and aggregate stability are dynamic soil properties, which changes with time. This study investigates the effect of different ORGANIC MATTERS on PSD variability. The experiment was carried out using factorial method in a randomized complete design with two treatments of ORGANIC matter (straw stubble and pistachio residue), three levels of 0, 1 and 5 %w, three time steps (40, 80 and 120 days) and three replicates. In addition, soil PSD was measured in two manners of dry (DPSD) and wet (WPSD). The results indicated that studied treatments had different influence on the PSD, which depends on type and amounts of added plant residue macro aggregates frequency increased. Also, the control and straw stubble (5%) treatments with median sizes of 0.228 and 0.394 mm, resulted in the least and highest effect on DPSD, respectively. The results of DPSD variability showed that for all of the treatments, the frequency of smallest particles (<0.125 mm) decreased significantly, while the WPSD had no changes with time. In comparison with the DPSD which 0.125-0.25 mm particles were the most frequent, for the WPSD this range shifts to the fraction of <0.125 mm. This finding indicated that the DPSD and WPSD have not the same trend. In addition, Nitrogen utilization led to some changes in DPSD, whilst this effect was insignificant for the WPSD. The findings of this study reveal that following application of any type of ORGANIC matter, a range of particles size is most influenced. Taking into account the influence of time in aggregate studies is suggested.

Background and Objective: Following the results of the electrolysis process application to upgrade the anaerobic baffled reactor for treating wastewater, the present study was conducted to evaluate the EABR performance efficiency, considering hydraulic retention time (HRT), current density and ORGANIC loading. Methods: In this study, a semi-industrial pilot of ABR with total volume of 72 L was studied before and after integration with an electrolysis system. The performance of the reactor was evaluated in terms of COD removal and bacterial adaption time. Findings: The findings revealed that a HRT reduction from 45 to 38 and 29 hours results in a decrease of COD removal efficiency from 77. 6 to 74. 9 and 72. 2 % respectively. Also, a current density reduction from 3 to 2, 1, and 0. 5 Mill ampere/cm2 results in a decreasing COD removal efficiency from 77. 6 to 73. 5, 71. 2, and 70 % respectively. Moreover, an increasing ORGANIC loading from 700 to 2400 mg/L enhanced the COD removal efficiency from 77. 6 to 90. 2 %. Result and Discussion: The results showed that by increasing ORGANIC loading from 700 to 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2400 mg/L the necessary HRT for achieving operation stability increases from 3 to 8 days, which is less than in conventional ABR. Therefore, employing electrolysis process is a sustainable method for improving ABR performance efficiency.